[1] Watts T, Jenkins K. Palliative care nurses' feelings about death rattle. J Clin Nurs 1999;8:615—6.
[2] Wee BL, et al. The sound of death rattle I: are relatives distressed by hearing this sound? Palliat Med 2006;20:171—5.
[3] Hugel H, Ellershaw J, Gambles M. Respiratory tract secretions
in the dying patient: a comparison between glycopyrronium
and hyoscine hydrobromide. J Palliat Med 2006;9:279—84.
[4] Kass RM, Ellershaw J. Respiratory tract secretions in the
dying patient: a retrospective study. J Pain Symptom Manage
2003;26:897—902.
[5] Wildiers H, Menten J. Death rattle: Prevalence, prevention and
treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;23:310—7.
[6] Back IN, et al. A study comparing hyoscine hydrobromide and
glycopyrrolate in the treatment of death rattle. Palliat Med
2001;15(4):329—36.
[7] Ellershaw J, et al. Care of the dying: setting standards for
symptom control in the last 48 hours of life. J Pain Symptom
Manage 2001;21:12—7.
[8] Morita T, et al. Risk factors for death rattle in terminally ill
cancer patients: a prospective exploratory study. Palliat Med
2000;14:19—23.
[9] Murtagh FE, Thorns A, Oliver DJ. Hyoscine and glycopyrrolate
for death rattle. Palliat Med 2002;16:449—50 [author reply
450].
[10] Hughes A, et al. Audit of three antimuscarinic drugs for managing retained secretions. Palliat Med 2000;14:221—2.
[11] Lichter I, Hunt E. The last 48 hours of life. J Palliat Care
1990;6:7—15.
[12] Power D, Kearney M. Management of the final 24 hours. Ir Med J 1992;85:93—5.
[13] Back IN, Jenkins K. A study into the death rattle in terminal
care (Poster abstract). In: 5th Congress of the European
Association for Paliative Care. London; 1997.
[14] Tsoukias NM, et al. Single-exhalation profiles of NO and CO2 in humans: effect of dynamically changing flow rate. J Appl Physiol
1998;85:642—52.
[15] Richardson PS, Peatfield AC. Protection of the respirtory
tract, mucus production: a review. J R Soc Med 1980;73:
123—6.
[16] Nadel JA, Davis B, Phipps RJ. Control of mucus secretion and
ion transport in airways. Annu Rev Physiol 1979;41:369—81.
[17] Gallagher JT, et al. Influence of pilocarpine and ammonia vapor on the secretin and structure of cat tracheal mucus: differentiation of gobelet and submucosal gland cell secretion. In:
Elstein M, Parke DV, editors. Mucus in health and disease. London:
Plenum; 1977. p. 91—102.
[18] Gallagher JT, et al. The nature and origin of tracheal secretions released in response to pilocarpine and ammonia. J Physiol (London) 1978;275:36P.
[19] Matalon S, O'Brodovich H. Sodium channels in alveolar
epithelial cells: molecular characterization, biophysical properties,
and physiological significance. Annu Rev Physiol 1999;61:627—61.
[20] Sleigh MA. Mucus propulsion. In: Crystal WJRG, editor. The
Lung: scientific foundations. New York: Raven Press; 1991.
[21] Wess J. Molecular biology of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1996;10:69—99.
[22] Eglen RM,Watson N. Selective muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;78:59—68.
[23] Birdsall NJ. Selective allosteric enhancement of the binding
and actions of acetycholine at muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Life Sci 1997;60:1047—52.
[24] Birdsall NJ.Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The IUPHAR
compendium of reveptor characterization and classification.
London: IUPHAR Media; 2000. p. 54—63.
[25] Hosey MM. the role of Gprotein coupled receptor kinases
of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Mol Pharmacol
1996;52:172—9.
[26] McKinney M. Muscarinic receptor sub-type specific coupling
to second messengers in neuronal systems. Prog Brain Res
1993;98:333—40.
[27] Ali-melkkilä T, Janto J, Iisalo E. Pharmacokinetics and related
pharmacodynamics of anticholinergic drugs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37:663—71.
[28] Wotta DR, El-Fakahany EE. Muscarinic receptor-mediated activation of nitric oxide synthase. Drug Dev Res 1997;40:205—
14.
[29] Sakuma T, et al. Malnutrition impairs alveolar fluid clearance
in rat lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
2004;286:L1268—74.
[30] Musgrave CF, Opstad J. Fluid retention and intravenous hydrationin the dying. Palliat Med 1996;10:53.
[31] Vinay P. Des râles en fin de vie : une analyse biodynamique. Med Palliat Soins Support 2008;7:9—17.
[32] Kass MR, Ellershaw J. Respiratory tract secretions in the
dying patient: a retrospective study. J Pain Symptom Manag
2003;26:897—902.
[33] Lanne T, Lundvall J. Very rapid net transcapillary fluid
absorption from skeletal muscle and skin in man during pronounced hypovolaemic circulatory stress. Acta Physiol Scand 1989;136:1—6.
[34] Bennett M, et al. Using anti-muscarinic drugs in the management of death rattle: evidence-based guidelines for palliative care. Palliat Med 2002;16:369—74.
[36] Morita T, et al. A prospective study on the dying process in terminally ill cancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care
1998;15:217—22.
[37] Benett M. Death rattle: an audit of hyoscine (scopolamine) use and review of management. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;12:229—33.
[38] Regnard C, Mannix K. Reduced hydration or feeding in advanced disease. Palliat Med 1991;5:161—4.
[39] Kompanje EJ. 'Death rattle' after withdrawal of mechanical ventilation: practical and ethical considerations. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2006;22:214—9.
[40] Lawrey H. Hyoscine vs glycopyrronium for drying respiratory secretions in dying patients. Br J Community Nurs
2005;10:421—4 [426].
[41] Dawson HR. The use of transdermal scopolamine in the control of death rattle. J Palliat Care 1989;5:31—3.
[42] Ellershaw J, Ward C. Care of the dying patient: the last hours or days of life. BMJ 2003;326:30—4.
[43] Gomez A, Bellido I, Sanchez de la Cuesta F. Atropine and glycopyrronium show similar binding patterns to M2 (cardiac) and M3 (submadibuar gland) muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rat. Br J Anaesth 1995;74:549—52.
[44] Renner U, Oertel R, Kirch W. Pharmakokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical use of scopolamine. Ther Drug Monit 2005;27:655—65.
[45] Spiller JA, Fallon M. The use of Scopoderm in palliative care. Hosp Med 2000;61:782—4.
[46] Anonymous. Scopolamine: new preparations, reference treatment for death rattle. Rev Prescr 2001;21:252—5.
[47] Spiess JL, Scott SD. Anticholinergic agents for the treatment of ''death rattle'' in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;26:684—6.
[48] Lopez-VidrieroF M. Effect of atropine on sputum production. Thorax 1975;30:543—7.
[49] Mirakhur RK. Comparative study of the effects of oral and i.m. atropine and hyoscine in volonteers. Br J Anaesth
1978;50:591—8.
[50] Lucas V, Burrage H, Mistry A. The use of glycopyrrolate by syringe driver to alleviate bronchial secretions. Prog Palliat
Care 1994;2:11.
[51] Hughes A, Wilcock A, Corcoran R. Management of ''death rattle''. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;12:271—2.
[52] Bausewein C, Twycross R. Comparative cost of hyoscine injections. Palliat Med 1995;256:9.
[53] Cassin S, Gause G, Perks AM. The effect of bumetanide and furosemide on lung liquid secretion in fetal sheep. Proc Soc
Exp Biol Med 1986;181:427—31.
[54] Oller KO. Death caused by therapeutic doses of morphine or morphinescopolamine in persons under influence of alcohol or barbiturate. Ugeskr Laeger 1952;114:1785—93.
[55] Lindvall P. Can morphine-scopolamine treatment in terminal phase accelerate the death process? Lakartidningen
1999;96:4301—2.
[56] Ikegaya H, et al. A case of sudden death after intramuscular injection of butylscopolamine bromide. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2006;8:194—7.
[57] Bennett MI. Death rattle: an audit of hyoscine (scopolamine) use and review of management. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;12:229—33.